Everything below concerns incretin. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2025-12-08. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
瑞他鲁肽是一种在研合成肽，同时作用于胰高血糖素样肽-1、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽和胰高血糖素受体。该分子属于多受体激动剂类别，尚未获得任何监管机构的上市批准。当前临床开发主要针对肥胖和2型糖尿病，研究代号为LY3437943。已确立的信息包括受体靶点和部分中期试验结果；最终疗效、长期安全性和适用人群仍属开放问题。
开发进程从早期单次和多次给药研究推进至大规模后期试验。公开报告显示，参与者在体重和相关代谢指标上出现变化，但完整数据需经同行评审并接受独立复核。试验设计通常包括随机、双盲和对照设置，以区分药物效应与行为干预。监管提交和标签范围尚未确定；长期维持效果与心血管结局仍是开放问题。
The intended pharmacology combines three signals in one molecule. GLP-1 receptor activation reduces appetite and slows gastric emptying, effects already exploited by approved incretin-based therapies. GIP receptor engagement is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and with direct effects on adipose tissue, although how much it contributes to overall outcomes is still debated. Glucagon receptor agonism raises energy expenditure and supports hepatic lipid handling, a mechanism that also tends to increase glucose output. The triple profile is hypothesized to produce a larger metabolic effect than single or dual agonism, but the relative weight of each receptor in humans is not settled.
Human evidence remains limited to controlled studies. A phase 2 trial in adults with obesity reported large, dose-dependent reductions in body weight over 48 weeks, with gastrointestinal events as the most frequently recorded adverse effect. Phase 3 programs designated TRIUMPH, for obesity, and TRANSCEND, for type 2 diabetes, are intended to confirm efficacy and to characterize safety in larger populations. Related studies are examining conditions such as knee osteoarthritis in people with obesity and metabolic liver disease. Open questions include long-term tolerability, effects on lean mass, and what happens after treatment is stopped.
Retatrutide is an investigational synthetic peptide that acts on three receptor targets at once: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon. It is developed by Eli Lilly and appears in the literature and in trial registries under the code LY3437943. The molecule belongs to a class of engineered peptides designed to resist rapid breakdown and permit infrequent subcutaneous administration. No regulatory agency has approved it for clinical use, and all available human data come from controlled trials rather than from routine practice.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 研究代号 | LY3437943 | 文献中常用的实验标识 |
| 药物类别 | 三重受体激动剂 | 靶向GLP-1、GIP与胰高血糖素受体 |
| 开发状态 | 后期临床研究 | 尚未获批上市 |
| 主要研究人群 | 肥胖与2型糖尿病 | 入组条件依试验方案而定 |
| 常见同义词 | 瑞他鲁肽；LY3437943 | 名称拼写可能因语言和出版物而异 |
Published information places retatrutide in clinical development rather than on the market as an approved therapy. Early-stage and mid-stage trials have examined tolerability and changes in body weight, and larger studies continue to report results over time. Open questions include the durability of effects after treatment stops, the composition of weight lost, and cardiovascular outcomes over long periods. Statements about definitive benefit should therefore be treated as provisional. Regulatory status varies by jurisdiction and changes as applications are reviewed.
Retatrutide is an investigational synthetic peptide designed to activate three distinct receptor systems within a single molecule. Its pharmacological profile combines activity at the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, and the glucagon receptor. This arrangement places it within a broader class of agents often described as multi-agonists, which contrast with compounds that engage one or two targets. Research interest centers on whether simultaneous signaling produces effects that single-receptor agonists cannot achieve alone. A single molecular entity also simplifies manufacturing and delivery logistics compared with combining separate agents.
Mechanistic proposals link each receptor to a different physiological role. Activation of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors is associated with reduced appetite, slower gastric emptying, and glucose-dependent insulin release. Glucagon receptor signaling, by contrast, is associated with increased energy expenditure and altered lipid handling, though it can also raise blood glucose. The design intent is to balance these contributions so that weight reduction is enhanced without unacceptable glycemic trade-offs. How well that balance holds across individuals is not fully resolved.
The peptide backbone is chemically modified to resist rapid enzymatic breakdown in the body. A fatty acid side chain promotes binding to serum albumin, which slows renal clearance and supports an extended circulation time. These modifications allow less frequent administration than would be possible with an unmodified peptide. The precise contribution of glucagon receptor activation to the overall metabolic effect remains an area of active investigation, because glucagon raises glucose while also increasing energy expenditure.
Development has progressed through early- and mid-stage human studies in adults with obesity and with type 2 diabetes. Published phase 2 data reported reductions in body weight and improvements in glycemic markers over the treatment period. No regulatory agency has approved the compound for any indication, and it remains available only within controlled research settings. Whether benefits observed in trials translate into durable outcomes after treatment stops is not yet established.
Clinical development has advanced through phase 2 trials in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Reported phase 2 results described substantial average weight reduction over roughly forty-eight weeks of weekly dosing. A phase 3 program is ongoing to confirm efficacy and assess long-term safety. Because the compound has not received regulatory approval, it is not available as a prescription product. Public discussion of retatrutide often conflates trial findings with marketed status, an important distinction when interpreting coverage of the topic.
Retatrutide is a synthetic peptide developed as a single molecule that activates three distinct hormone receptors: GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon. The compound carries the internal designation LY3437943 and was engineered by modifying the backbone of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Its sequence incorporates non-natural amino acids and a fatty acid side chain that extends circulation time. The triple-agonist design aims to combine appetite suppression, improved insulin response, and increased energy expenditure in one agent. Published reports describe it as an investigational product rather than an approved medicine.
Development has progressed from single- and multiple-ascending-dose studies in healthy volunteers into larger randomized trials in adults with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Early reports describe dose-dependent reductions in body weight and improvements in glycemic markers over treatment periods of several months. Whether the glucagon arm adds tolerability cost without added benefit is still debated. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes, effects after treatment stops, and performance in older or comorbid populations are open questions rather than settled findings. Approval status may change, so the current investigational label should be confirmed against regulatory sources.
Retatrutide is an investigational synthetic peptide developed under the code LY3437943, with a backbone derived from glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Several non-proteinogenic residues, including alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, appear in that backbone, and a fatty diacid side chain attached through a linker extends circulation time. The molecule carries roughly thirty-nine amino acid units and a total mass near 4.7 kilodaltons. Administration is by subcutaneous injection once weekly. Published work uses both the name retatrutide and the code LY3437943.
Afonsoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Afonsoconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Africonus Petuch, 1975: synonym of Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Arubaconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Ductoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Asprella Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Atlanticonus Petuch & Sargent, 2012: synonym of Conus (Atlanticonus) Petuch & Sargent, 2012 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Attenuiconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Attenuiconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Austroconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of Conus (Austroconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Bathyconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) Thiele, 1929, represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Bermudaconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Bermudaconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Boucheticonus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conasprella (Boucheticonus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Brasiliconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Calamiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Lividoconus) Wils, 1970 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Calibanus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Calibanus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cariboconus Petuch, 2003: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Californiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 Chelyconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Chelyconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cleobula Iredale, 1930: synonym of Dendroconus Swainson, 1840 Coltroconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conasprella (Coltroconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Conasprella Thiele, 1929: accepted name Conasprelloides Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 † Conilithes Swainson, 1840 Continuconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 Conus Linnaeus, 1758: accepted name Cornutoconus Suzuki, 1972: synonym of Taranteconus Azuma, 1972 Coronaxis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Conus) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cucullus Röding, 1798: synonym of Conus (Conus) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cylinder Montfort, 1810: synonym of Conus (Cylinder) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cylindrella Swainson, 1840: synonym of Asprella Schaufuss, 1869synonym of Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cylindrus Batsch, 1789: synonym of Cylinder Montfort, 1810synonym of Conus (Cylinder) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Dalliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Dalliconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Darioconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Dauciconus Cotton, 1945: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Dendroconus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Dendroconus) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Ductoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Ductoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Duodenticonus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conasprella (Conasprella) Thiele, 1929 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Dyraspis Iredale, 1949: synonym of Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Elisaconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Elisaconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Embrikena Iredale, 1937: synonym of Conus (Embrikena) Iredale, 1937 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Endemoconus Iredale, 1931: synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Eremiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Eremiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Erythroconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Eugeniconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Eugeniconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Floraconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Floraconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Fraterconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Fraterconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Fulgiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Fumiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Fusiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Gastridium Modeer, 1793: synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Genuanoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Gladioconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Globiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Gradiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Graphiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Harmoniconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Harmoniconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Hermes Montfort, 1810: synonym of Conus (Hermes) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Heroconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Isoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Jaspidiconus Petuch, 2004: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Kalloconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kellyconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Kellyconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kenyonia Brazier, 1896: genus incertae sedis Kermasprella Powell, 1958: synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Ketyconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Floraconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kioconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Klemaeconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Klemaeconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kohniconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Kohniconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Kurodaconus Shikama & Habe, 1968: synonym of Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lamniconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Lamniconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lautoconus Monterosato, 1923: synonym of Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Leporiconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Leporiconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Leptoconus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Leptoconus) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lilliconus Raybaudi Massilia, 1994: synonym of Conasprella (Lilliconus) G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Lindaconus Petuch, 2002: synonym of Conus (Lindaconus) Petuch, 2002 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lithoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Lithoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lividoconus Wils, 1970: synonym of Conus (Lividoconus) Wils, 1970 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lizaconus da Motta, 1991synonym of Profundiconus Kuroda, 1956 Magelliconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Malagasyconus Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 Mamiconus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of Endemoconus Iredale, 1931synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Miliariconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Mitraconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Monteiroconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Nataliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Leptoconus) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Nimboconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Nitidoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Ongoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Papyriconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Papyriconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Parviconus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of Conasprella (Parviconus) Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Perplexiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Phasmoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pionoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Plicaustraconus Moolenbeek, 2008: synonym of Conus (Plicaustraconus) Moolenbeek, 2008 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Poremskiconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Profundiconus Kuroda, 1956: accepted name Protoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Tenorioconus Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011 Protostrioconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudoconorbis Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Pseudohermes Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Virgiconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudolilliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Pseudolilliconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudonoduloconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Pseudonoduloconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudopterygia Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pseudopterygia) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Puncticulis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Puncticulis) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Purpuriconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pygmaeconus Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 Pyruconus Olsson, 1967: synonym of Conus (Pyruconus) Olsson, 1967 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Quasiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Quasiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Regiconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rhizoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Rhizoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rhombiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rhombus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Rhombiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rolaniconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rollus Montfort, 1810 :synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rubroconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Rubroconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Sandericonus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Sandericonus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Sciteconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Sciteconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Seminoleconus Petuch, 2003: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Socioconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Splinoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Spuriconus Petuch, 2003: synonym of Conus (Lindaconus) Petuch, 2002 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Stellaconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Stephanoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Strategoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Strioconus Thiele, 1929: synonym of Pionoconus Mörch, 1852, synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Sulciconus Bielz, 1869: synonym of Asprella Schaufuss, 1869, synonym of Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Taranteconus Azuma, 1972: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tenorioconus Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tesselliconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Tesselliconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Textilia Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Textilia) Swainson, 1840 represented Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Calibanus da Motta, 1991, synonym of Conus (Calibanus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Theliconus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Hermes Montfort, 1810, synonym of Conus (Hermes) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Thoraconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Fulgiconus da Motta, 1991, synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Trovaoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tuckericonus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tuliparia Swainson, 1840: synonym of Gastridium Modeer, 1793, synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Turriconus Shikama & Habe, 1968, synonym of Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Utriculus Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Gastridium Modeer, 1793, synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Varioconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Viminiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Virgiconus Cotton, 1945: synonym of Conus (Virgiconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Virroconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Vituliconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Ximeniconus Emerson & Old, 1962: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Yeddoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929
=== Psoriatic arthritis === In psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inhibitors of TNF, such as infliximab, improve the signs and symptoms. Several therapies with modest efficacy have been studied in nail psoriasis. Among available agents, higher quality data are available to support the efficacy of cyclosporine and infliximab. Based on studies in AS, the results suggest infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab have the potential to reduce the signs and symptoms of moderate to severely active axial involvement in PsA in patients who have had an inadequate response to NSAID (level 1a, grade A). The anti-TNF agents (infliximab and etanercept; level 1b, grade A) are more effective for the treatment of enthesitis than traditional agents. Results suggest infliximab is effective for the treatment of dactylitis in PsA.
Executions in Singapore are carried out by long drop hanging, and usually take place at dawn. Thirty-three offences—including murder, drug trafficking, terrorism, use of firearms and kidnapping—warrant the death penalty under Singaporean law. In 2012, Singapore amended its laws to exempt some offences from the mandatory death sentence. In a 2005 survey by The Straits Times, 95% of Singaporeans were of the view that their country should retain the death penalty. The support steadily fell throughout the years due to the increasing liberal opinions of society. Despite the decline, a large majority of the public remains supportive of the use of the death penalty, with more than 80% of Singaporeans believing that their country should retain the death penalty in 2021. The most recent executions conducted in Singapore took place on 9th September 2026, when a 44 year old Singaporean was hanged for trafficking in controlled drugs.
== Term == The term thrombocyte (clot cell) came into use in the early 1900s and is sometimes used as a synonym for platelet; but not generally in the scientific literature, except as a root word for other terms related to platelets (e.g. thrombocytopenia meaning low platelets). The term thrombocytes is proper for mononuclear cells found in the blood of non-mammalian vertebrates: they are the functional equivalent of platelets, but circulate as intact cells rather than cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes. In some contexts, the word thrombus is used interchangeably with the word clot, regardless of its composition (white, red, or mixed). In other contexts it is used to contrast a normal from an abnormal clot: thrombus arises from physiologic hemostasis, thrombosis arises from a pathologic and excessive quantity of clot. In a third context it is used to contrast the result from the process: thrombus is the result, thrombosis is the process.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
is a constant dependent on the boundary constraints of the structure. This is one of the main failure mechanisms for freeze casted materials. From this, the maximum compressive stress that an anisotropic porous solid can maintain is given by
== For gas chromatography == Polar N-H and O-H groups on which give hydrogen bonding may be converted to relatively nonpolar groups on a relatively nonvolatile compound. The resultant product may be less polar, thus more volatile, allowing analysis by gas chromatography. Bulky, nonpolar silyl groups are often used for this purpose.
== Personal life == Nasatir was one of four children: three boys and a girl. He married Ida Hirsch; they had no children. He actively supported the activities of the California Jewish community. He died on January 18, 1991, from complications of pneumonia at Mercy Hospital in Los Angeles, California.
=== Transgender hormone therapy === Dutasteride is sometimes used as a component of hormone therapy for transgender women in combination with an estrogen and/or another antiandrogen such as spironolactone. It may be useful for preventing and treating scalp hair loss and can also be used as a general antiandrogen for those who have issues tolerating spironolactone, though as a α-reductase inhibitor it has limited effects compared to AR antagonists.
=== Controversies === In January 2025, Paetongtarn revealed that she had nearly been victimized by a scam using a message in a voice sounding identical to another world leader whom she did not disclose in which the caller was asking for donations. On 24 March 2025, a no-confidence motion was filed against Paetongtarn by Leader of the Opposition Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut, who accused her of failing to address multiple issues and serving her family and Thaksin Shinawatra's interests. The motion failed to pass at a vote on 26 March, with Paetongtarn winning 319 votes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
尚未。它仍处于临床研究阶段，任何监管批准都取决于正在进行的试验结果和提交审评。可公开获取的信息以试验注册和会议摘要为主。
司美格鲁肽主要靶向GLP-1受体，而瑞他鲁肽同时作用于GLP-1、GIP和胰高血糖素受体。这种三重机制旨在产生不同的代谢效应，但临床差异仍需头对头研究确认。
长期心血管结局、停药后维持效果、罕见不良事件和不同人群中的获益风险比尚未完全确定。完整三期数据和监管审评将影响结论。
It is an investigational peptide that activates three hormone receptors: GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon. It is being studied mainly for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and it is not approved for any clinical use. Published information comes from controlled trials rather than from general practice.